pressfreedom

World Press Freedom Day
related: journalism, un slideshare: [|journalism notebook] (5,000+ views)

Hashtag [|#wpfd2017]
 * May 3** is World Press Freedom Day and commemorates the anniversary of the Declaration of Windhoek.

Key Links
[] https://en.unesco.org/wpfd

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2016
http://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2016

In 2016, World Press Freedom Day coincides with three important milestones:
 * The 250th anniversary of the world’s first freedom of information law, covering both modern-day Sweden and Finland
 * The 25th anniversary of the adoption of the Windhoek Declaration of press freedom principles
 * The year 2016 is also the first year of the 15 year life-cycle of the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

This year’s WPFD focuses on three different aspects of press freedom:
 * freedom of information as a fundamental freedom and as a human right
 * protecting press freedom from censorship and surveillance overreach
 * ensuring safety for journalism online and offline

Read more about this year's themes in the [|concept note]

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Introduction
The Declaration of Windhoek is a statement of free press principles put together by newspaper journalists in Africa during a UNESCO seminar on "Promoting an Independent and Pluralistic African Press" in Windhoek, Namibia, from 29 April to 3 May 1991. This document calls for free, independent, pluralistic media worldwide, characterizing free press as essential to democracy and as a fundamental human right. The Windhoek Declaration was a call to arms to protect the fundamental principles of the freedom of expression as enshrined in Article 19 of the [|Universal Declaration of Human Rights], which states: > "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."

Text of the Declaration of Windhoek (3 May 1991)
We the participants in the United Nations/ United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Seminar on Promoting an Independent and Pluralistic African Press, held in Windhoek, Namibia, from 29 April to 3 May 1991, Recalling the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Recalling General Assembly resolution 59(I) of 14 December 1946 stating that freedom of information is a fundamental human right, and General Assembly resolution 45/76 A of 11 December 1990 on information in the serviceof humanity, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Recalling resolution 25C/104 of the General Conference of UNESCO of 1989 in which the main focus is the promotion of "the free flow of ideas by word and image at international as well as national levels", <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Noting with appreciation the statements made by the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Public Information and the Assistant Director-General for Communication, Information and Informatics of UNESCO at the opening of the Seminar, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Expressing our sincere appreciation to the United Nations and UNESCO for organizing the Seminar, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Expressing also our sincere appreciation to all the intergovernmental, governmental and non-governmental bodies and organizations, in particular the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), which contributed to the United Nations/UNESCO effort to organize the Seminar, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Expressing our gratitude to the Government and people of the Republic of Namibia for their kind hospitality which facilitated the success of the Seminar, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Declare that:
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Consistent with article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the establishment, maintenance and fostering of an independent, pluralistic and free press is essential to the development and maintenance of democracy in a nation, and for economic development.
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">By an independent press, we mean a press independent from governmental, political or economic control or from control of materials and infrastructure essential for the production and dissemination of newspapers, magazines and periodicals.
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">By a pluralistic press, we mean the end of monopolies of any kind and the existence of the greatest possible number of newspapers, magazines and periodicals reflecting the widest possible range of opinion within the community.
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">The welcome changes that an increasing number of African States are now undergoing towards multi-party democracies provide the climate in which an independent and pluralistic press can emerge.
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">The world-wide trend towards democracy and freedom of information and expression is a fundamental contribution to the fulfilment of human aspirations.
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">In Africa today, despite the positive developments in some countries, in many countries journalists, editors and publishers are victims of repression-they are murdered, arrested, detained and censored, and are restricted by economic and political pressures such as restrictions on newsprint, licensing systems which restrict the opportunity to publish, visa restrictions which prevent the free movement of journalists, restrictions on the exchange of news and information, and limitations on the circulation of newspapers within countries and across national borders. In some countries, one-party States control the totality of information.
 * 7) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Today, at least 17 journalists, editors or publishers are in African prisons, and 48 African journalists were killed in the exercise of their profession between 1969 and 1990.
 * 8) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">The General Assembly of the United Nations should include in the agenda of its next session an item on the declaration of censorship as a grave violation of human rights falling within the purview of the Commission on Human Rights.
 * 9) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">African States should be encouraged to provide constitutional guarantees of freedom of the press and freedom of association.
 * 10) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">To encourage and consolidate the positive changes taking place in Africa, and to counter the negative ones, the international community-specifically, international organizations (governmental as well as non-governmental), development agencies and professional associations-should as a matter of priority direct funding support towards the development and establishment of non-governmental newspapers, magazines and periodicals that reflect the society as a whole and the different points of view within the communities they serve.
 * 11) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">All funding should aim to encourage pluralism as well as independence. As a consequence, the public media should be funded only where authorities guarantee a constitutional and effective freedom of information and expression and the independence of the press.
 * 12) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">To assist in the preservation of the freedoms enumerated above, the establishment of truly independent, representative associations, syndicates or trade unions of journalists, and associations of editors and publishers, is a matter of priority in all the countries of Africa where such bodies do not now exist.
 * 13) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">The national media and labour relations laws of African countries should be drafted in such a way as to ensure that such representative associations can exist and fulfil their important tasks in defence of press freedom.
 * 14) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">As a sign of good faith, African Governments that have jailed journalists for their professional activities should free them immediately. Journalists who have had to leave their countries should be free to return to resume their professional activities.
 * 15) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Cooperation between publishers within Africa, and between publishers of the North and South (for example through the principle of twinning), should be encouraged and supported.
 * 16) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">As a matter of urgency, the United Nations and UNESCO, and particularly the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC), should initiate detailed research, in cooperation with governmental(especially UNDP) and non¬governmental donor agencies, relevant non-governmental organizations and professional associations, into the following specific areas:
 * 17) identification of economic barriers to the establishment of news media outlets, including restrictive import duties, tariffs and quotas for such things as newsprint, printing equipment, and typesetting and word processing machinery, and taxes on the sale of newspapers, as a prelude to their removal;
 * 18) training of journalists and managers and the availability of professional training institutions and courses;
 * 19) legal barriers to the recognition and effective operation of trade unions or associations of journalists, editors and publishers;
 * 20) a register of available funding from development and other agencies, the conditions attaching to the release of such funds, and the methods of applying for them;
 * 21) the state of press freedom, country by country, in Africa.


 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">In view of the importance of radio and television in the field of news and information, the United Nations and UNESCO are invited to recommend to the General Assembly and the General Conference the convening of a similar seminar of journalists and managers of radio and television services in Africa to explore the possibility of applying similar concepts of independence and pluralism to those media.
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">The international community should contribute to the achievement and implementation of the initiatives and projects set out in the annex to this Declaration.
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">This Declaration should be presented by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to the United Nations General Assembly, and by the Director-General of UNESCO to the General Conference of UNESCO.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #6d4e03; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.9592px;">Initiatives and Projects Identified in the Seminar

 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Development of co-operation between private African newspapers:
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">to aid them in the mutual exchange of their publications;
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">to aid them in the exchange of information;
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">to aid them in sharing their experience by the exchange of journalists;
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">to organize on their behalf training courses and study trips for their journalists, managers and technical personnel.
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Creation of separate, independent national unions for publishers, news editors and journalists.
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Creation of regional unions for publishers, editors and independent journalists
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Development and promotion of non-governmental regulations and codes of ethics in each country in order to defend more effectively the profession and ensure its credibility.
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Financing of a study on the readership of independent newspapers in order to set up groups of advertising agents.
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Financing of a feasibility study for the establishment of an independent press aid foundation and research into identifying capital funds for the foundation.
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Financing of a feasibility study for the creation of a central board for the purchase of newsprint and the establishment of such a board.
 * 7) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Support and creation of regional African press enterprises
 * 8) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Aid with a view to establishing structures to monitor attacks on freedom of the press and the independence of journalists following the example of the West African Journalists' Association.
 * 9) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.008px;">Creation of a data bank for the independent African press for the documentation of news items essential to newspapers.